Texas A&M University (TAMU) VTPB 221 Great Diseases of the World Exam 2 Practice

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• The sudden outbreak of Rift Valley Fever among some of the human population in Egypt during the 1970s is described as what?
• Guinea worm disease is caused by which nematode and targeted for eradication via safe water and filtration?
• Zika virus infection during pregnancy is linked to what congenital condition?
• What is the basis and major limitation of the RTS,S malaria vaccine (Mosquirix)?
• The Black Death was described in which literary work?
• Name two examples of zoonotic diseases.
• Koplik spots are associated with which disease?
• Which statement best describes Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) interpretation?
• Which immune mechanism is described as the primary defense used by sheep infected with Rift Valley Fever?
• The rise of tuberculosis in advanced countries during the 1980s and 1990s was attributed to which factors?
• In Yellow Fever, which term describes the non-urban transmission cycle?
• Name two intestinal helminth infections commonly targeted by mass drug administration in tropical regions.
• Which statement about severe malaria risk factors and geographic variation is true?
• Which statement best describes the transmission of cholera?
• What are the primary routes of HIV transmission?
• To which organization did van Leeuwenhoek present his microbial observations?
• Which mosquito species is primarily associated with transmitting dengue, Zika, and chikungunya?
• Which disease is typically transmitted by sandflies and can cause both cutaneous and visceral disease?
• Which disease requires post-exposure prophylaxis and is nearly always fatal once symptoms start?
• During antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue, which cells are primarily infected due to Fc receptor–mediated entry?
• Which of the following is a vector-borne viral illness transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and characterized by fever?
• List the three classic forms of plague caused by Yersinia pestis and their routes of infection.
• Which statement best describes how cholera toxin causes diarrhea?
• What term refers to a sharp increase in disease cases beyond expected levels in a community?
• Which disease is specifically prevented by the MMR vaccine?
• Which best describes Zika virus teratogenic effects and how it differs from other flaviviruses?
• Which larval vector-control strategy is described?
• What is the role of granulomas in TB pathogenesis and latent infection?
• Which public health interventions most directly reduce cholera incidence in outbreaks?
• Schistosomiasis is caused by parasites that infect humans after cercariae penetrate the skin from freshwater snails. Which genus includes the organisms that cause this disease?
• The Columbian Theory regarding the origin of syphilis refers to which event?
• Which bacterium causes typhoid fever and can lead to a chronic carrier state?
• Explain how vaccines contribute to herd immunity and what factors can limit vaccine-induced herd protection.
• Which protozoan parasite causes giardiasis and is commonly acquired from contaminated water?
• What phenomenon explains why a person with a prior dengue infection can develop severe dengue upon secondary infection with a different serotype?
• Which organism is commonly associated with inflammatory, Bloody diarrhea?
• Which of the following is NOT an ancient medical manuscript?
• Which factor contributed to rising tuberculosis rates in advanced countries during the late 20th century?
• Which filovirus family member is responsible for severe outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Africa?
• HIV-1 entry requires binding to CD4 and use of a co-receptor. Which co-receptor is commonly used?
• What is a classic stool description of cholera?
• Which statement about viral latency is true?
• Which disease is associated with the coronavirus, as per the source?
• The causative agents for Ebola hemorrhagic fever belong to which virus family?
• In dengue virus infections, what mechanism explains increased severity on a second infection?
• Antigenic shift in influenza is best described as a major change in the antigenic structure caused by recombination of genetic material from two different strains.
• Which vector is responsible for transmitting the plague-causing bacterium to humans?
• Which drug is NOT part of the standard initial RIPE therapy for drug-susceptible TB?
• What is the role of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance?
• Antiviral drugs commonly target which viral components?
• The plague is called 'bubonic' because of which symptom?
• Which virus is the target of global polio eradication efforts?
• Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium and how ingestion of eggs can lead to neurocysticercosis.
• Herd immunity threshold is calculated as which expression?
• Give examples of a toxigenic pathogen and an invasive pathogen, with a disease example for each.
• Rinderpest is caused by a
• How do vaccines contribute to herd immunity?
• In schistosomiasis mansoni, what hepatic change leads to portal hypertension?
• Which components are primarily involved in the innate immune response to a bacterial infection?
• Why is Anton van Leeuwenhoek regarded as the first microbiologist in the true sense?
• Which term denotes a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time?
• Which virus is predominantly spread by Aedes mosquitoes and is associated with Zika?
• Tuberculosis is caused by a
• What is the mosquito-borne nematode infection that leads to elephantiasis?
• The causative agent of syphilis is which organism?
• Define zoonosis and give two examples.
• Describe the life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni and the pathology caused by egg deposition in liver and intestines.
• Which sequence correctly lists the basic steps of an outbreak investigation?
• Influenza A strains are classified based on the combination of which two surface proteins?
• Visceral leishmaniasis and its vector?
• Antigenic Drift in influenza is a result of what?
• Which term describes a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans?
• Which ancient trade route is commonly cited as the conduit for the 14th‑century plague into Europe?
• Which clinical feature is characteristic of bubonic plague?
• Which is the first step in an outbreak investigation?
• In veterinary epidemiology, which term is used for a disease that is regularly present in animal populations in a region?
• Which statement best describes the Irish Potato famine factors according to the source?
• The Sabin vaccine is which type of vaccine?
• Which category of enteric pathogens typically causes watery diarrhea through secretory toxins?
• The Irish Potato famine was caused by which factors?
• The causative agent of Yellow Fever was most likely introduced into the New World by which historical factor?
• What is the role of the Neuraminidase (N) molecule in Influenza A?
• Which parasite genus includes species causing cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and is transmitted by sandflies?
• Which term describes a disease that regularly affects animals in a specific district or season?
• Which statement best describes Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) interpretation?
• Name the virus that causes chikungunya and its hallmark symptoms.
• IGRA detects release of which cytokine from T cells?
• AIDS is typically diagnosed when the CD4 T-cell count is
• In the Lyme disease transmission cycle, which organism transmits Borrelia burgdorferi to humans?
• In the Lyme disease scenario, which animal serves as a reservoir host for Borrelia burgdorferi?
• Which malaria parasite produces a classic tertian fever pattern and can relapse due to liver hypnozoites?
• What are the main transmission routes for hepatitis B virus?
• Which literary work is famously associated with the plague in medieval cities?
• Which pathogen is associated with plague historically?
• Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) was established by which organization?
• What best describes the One Health approach?
• How do incidence and prevalence differ?
• The herd immunity threshold is defined as which concept?
• Which diagnostic method detects viral genetic material directly from patient specimens?
• In the Lyme disease scenario described, the infection in humans is best described as which type of disease?
• Norovirus outbreaks most commonly cause which clinical presentation?
• What are the histopathologic hallmarks of Histoplasma capsulatum infection in the lung?
• Which bacterium caused the plague and is transmitted to humans by fleas?
• Perinatal transmission is a major route for which hepatitis virus?
• How does Yersinia pestis typically transmit bubonic plague to a new host?
• Which vector transmits Yellow fever?
• Which toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae causes the secretory diarrhea of cholera?
• The bubonic plague is named for which symptom?
• Which statement best describes the background factors contributing to the Great Irish Famine?
• Why is tuberculosis often described as the 'White Death'?
• What public health measures are essential to control cholera outbreaks?
• Koplik spots are a clinical feature of measles.
• Which term is used for a disease that is consistently present among humans in a specific area?
• Which vaccine provides protection against measles, mumps, and rubella?
• In adaptive immunity to bacterial infection, which cells are responsible for antibody production and cytotoxic killing?
• Explain how sanitation and vaccines contribute to control of cholera and TB, respectively, and discuss challenges such as multidrug resistance.
• What is another name for Giardia lamblia?
• MDR TB definition.
• Which statement describes variolation?
• Which organism causes syphilis?
• How do schistosome parasites reach humans and what organs do they commonly affect?
• Who was the Surgeon General of the U.S. Army best known for his work in abating the transmission of yellow fever and malaria by controlling the mosquitoes that carry them?
• Which organism is associated with intracellular yeast within macrophages in the lung?
• Which statement best summarizes rubella as a disease and how vaccination prevents congenital rubella syndrome?
• What does the mecA gene encode in MRSA?
• In Histoplasma capsulatum lung infection, what histopathologic feature characterizes the disease?
• Which immunological phenomenon contributes to increased dengue severity during a secondary infection with a different serotype?
• First reports of the plague occurred during the siege of which city?
• Dengue fever is transmitted to humans by which mosquitoes?
• State Koch's postulates in brief and explain their relevance today.
• Which of the following best contrasts innate and adaptive immune responses to bacterial infection?
• Which statement best describes Koch's postulates and modern relevance?
• Which tests are used to confirm active tuberculosis disease beyond initial screening with TST/IGRA?
• The introduction of Yellow Fever into the New World is most closely associated with which historical factor?
• Which term describes a disease that is persistently present in humans in a location?
• Which sequence best describes steps in an infectious disease outbreak investigation?
• How is the herd immunity threshold calculated and what does it signify?
• Compare Taenia saginata and Taenia solium life cycles and explain why cysticercosis occurs in humans from eggs rather than cysticerci.
• In malaria, what event underlies the fever cycles during the blood-stage infection?
• Which disease is spread both horizontally and vertically?
• Which statement correctly contrasts bacterial and viral pathogens in terms of replication and drug targets?
• SARS is caused by which type of virus?
• Which class of antiretroviral drugs inhibits the HIV protease enzyme?
• What term means regularly found among particular people or in a certain area?
• Which malaria parasite is known for relapses due to dormant liver hypnozoites?
• Which theory posits that syphilis originated in the Americas and was brought to Europe?
• The late potato blight that caused the famine is described as caused by which type of microbe (per the source)?
• What is the role of the gut microbiome in resistance to enteric infections and how do antibiotics affect it?
• What term describes a latent tuberculosis infection with no active disease?
• Pneumonic plague is caused by which organism?
• The decision by George Washington to variolate his troops contributed to which public health outcome in the colonies?
• How does Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi cause typhoid fever, and how does this differ from non-typhoidal Salmonella?
• The microbe causing the late potato blight is
• Which term is used when a disease remains consistently present in animal populations in a region?
• Which disease is a zoonosis with typical reservoirs as described?
• Which disease is caused by a bacterium?
• Which statement about hepatitis B virus survival outside the body is correct?
• Which component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall contributes to acid-fast staining and desiccation resistance?
• The disease known as the 'White Death' is caused by which organism?
• Which diseases does the MMR vaccine protect against?
• Which vector transmits Onchocerca volvulus (river blindness)?
• Smallpox in humans is caused by which virus?
• Which dengue control strategy involves releasing Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes to reduce transmission?
• The first reported outbreak of SARS was believed to have spread among hotel residents in Hong Kong by which mechanism?
• Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) established by the WHO resulted in what outcome?
• Which statement about granulomas and caseating necrosis is true?
• Describe Giardia lamblia infection: transmission, symptoms, and stool characteristics.
• What does the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) measure?
• Which stage of syphilis is characterized by a systemic rash and mucocutaneous lesions?
• Which term describes a disease that is transiently widespread among animal populations?
• The Army Physician who led the Yellow Fever research in Cuba was
• What is the main goal of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV infection?
• Which factor is NOT listed as limiting herd immunity?
• What is the cornerstone therapy to prevent dehydration in cholera outbreaks?
• Which congenital defects are associated with congenital rubella syndrome?
• Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, belongs to which group of organisms?
• Antigenic drift in influenza refers to gradual minor mutations; antigenic shift refers to what?
• Which mosquito genus transmits malaria?
• Which virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes dengue fever?
• Which disease is commonly targeted along with schistosomiasis in mass drug administration programs?
• In the Kokowawa disease story, which is the most likely vector for transmission to humans?
• Zika virus was first described in which country?
• Which Plasmodium species is most associated with severe malaria worldwide?
• Which statement best describes the cell wall and an example for Gram-positive bacteria?
• Rift Valley Fever is caused by what type of agent?
• Which scenario best describes the transmission risk for pneumonic plague?
• Which location is associated with the initial reporting of West Nile Fever in the United States?
• Name two bacterial toxins and describe their mechanisms of action.
• What is the primary environmental reservoir and route of transmission for cholera?
• Which describes transmission and pathophysiology of lymphatic filariasis and elephantiasis?
• Which nematode is responsible for river blindness and is transmitted by blackflies?
• Which statement about viruses is false?
• Which vaccine-preventable disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes hepatic and systemic symptoms, including fever and jaundice?
• The Irish Potato famine occurred in which country?
• Which term would correctly describe a disease that is regularly found in a particular area?
• Which virus caused the global COVID-19 pandemic and what is its primary transmission route?
• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is primarily associated with contact with which wildlife reservoir in North America?
• Distinguish malaria (Plasmodium) and dengue fever (dengue virus) in terms of vector and typical clinical features.
• Why do mycobacteria require acid-fast staining?
• Poliomyelitis is caused by which type of agent?
• The Salk vaccine is an which type of vaccine?
• How do prions propagate in the brain, and why are they resistant to standard sterilization?
• Influenza A strains are classified based on which two surface molecules?
• What is a zoonosis, and what are typical reservoirs for Rabies and Leptospirosis?
• How does chloroquine work, and how resistance arises in Plasmodium falciparum?
• Which term describes a disease that is temporarily prevalent and widespread in an animal population?
• Leptospirosis is typically acquired from exposure to water or soil contaminated with urine from infected animals.
• What is the standard initial TB treatment for drug-susceptible TB?
• In managing a cholera outbreak, which intervention is essential as an immediate life-saving measure?
• What are the primary routes of transmission for Vibrio cholerae in outbreaks?
• Which term refers to a disease outbreak that affects a large portion of a population in a short period?
• What is the primary mosquito vector for malaria transmission?
• During malaria infection, which parasite form initially infects hepatocytes after a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito?
• Which disease is caused by Variola Virus?
• Kokowawa disease involves raccoons as a reservoir for the virus; this illustrates which epidemiological term?
• Which immune defense pathway primarily defends against extracellular pathogens?
• Which term best describes a disease that is regularly found among people in an area?
• Yellow Fever has two distinct transmission cycles named Urban Cycle and which other cycle?
• Cholera toxin causes profuse watery diarrhea by which mechanism?
• Which of the following factors contribute to emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases?
• Antibodies against MERS-CoV have been identified in which hosts?
• What does cART stand for in HIV treatment?
• Which term is used for a sudden increase in disease cases across a community?
• What features distinguish prions from other infectious agents?
• The Tuskegee syphilis study was conducted to study the natural history of which disease?
• The Pre-Columbian Theory regarding the origin of syphilis posits which of the following?
• Which ancient trading route served as the conduit for the 14th‑century plague into Europe?
• Which term describes a disease that is briefly widespread within animal populations?
• Poliomyelitis is transmitted by which route?
• What is a common mechanism by which MRSA develops resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
• Which test measures immune reactivity to TB by detecting IFN-γ release from T cells?
• Which statement about the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic is NOT true?
• Which drug is a component of RIPE therapy used for initial TB treatment?
• What vaccine is used to prevent typhoid fever?
• According to the film Influenza 1918, the earliest American experience with the epidemic began at which location?
• Identify two vector-control strategies effective against Aedes aegypti.
• The polysaccharide capsule and pneumolysin are virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae. What is the role of the capsule?
• The early cases of West Nile Fever reported in the USA were in the
• Kala-azar is the visceral form of disease caused by which parasite?